Everymany Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Everymany - Research Paper Example It focuses on the efforts of the central character simply named Everyman to achieve salvation, thereby bringing into focus how there is a clear relationship between the life one lives and the life after death. Also referred to as the The Somonyng of Everyman or The Summoning of Everyman, the play’s focal point is on the event of death because death was a common event in the period in which the play was written. Death happened due to sizable number of natural as well as man-made causes. â€Å"The topic of "man summoned by death" was commonplace during the fifteenth century. Frequent warfare, bubonic and pneumonic plague, starvation, and crime made death a frequent and often public experience.† (â€Å"Everyman (after 1485)†). In the play, it is implied that when death happens, the journey of human life does not ends, instead the good as well as the evil deeds committed by an individual during his/her lifetime will be tallied by the superior being after death in the form of a ledger book. Thus, in a way, the play tries to show the people that although every one irrespective of gender, age, status, etc, has to meet death; it is far more important how he/she should live their lives. Thus, the anonymous author perceives death in a different perspective and so this paper will discuss the author’s perception of death and the treatment of death in Everyman The play, Everyman starts off with a prologue, with a messenger asking the audience to make their presence felt in the action that is going to unfold. After this initiation, the God starts to speak lamenting that humans all over the world are not focusing on the key virtues of life, and instead have become too focused on accumulating the material wealth and just enjoy the spoils. As the humans’ concentration was mainly on material riches, the God feels that the humans have taken him for granted. He further strongly condemns that the humans are showing no appreciation for all the good things that he have been bestowing on them. â€Å"Of ghostly sight the people be so blind, Drowned in sin, they know me not for their God; In worldly riches is all their mind, They fear not my rightwiseness, the sharp rod...† (Anonymous 184). So, as a form of teaching the humans a lesson, the God orders his messenger, Death to approach Everyman and inform him about his death and summon him to heaven. Here Everyman represents all the humans or entire mankind. That is, author gave the character the name of Everyman to represent all the humans who have taken the negative path of material wealth. On the other hand, Death is portrayed as a fully developed human creature, who begins the chain of events in the play. (Spinrad 69). The messenger, Death approaches

The Battle of New Orleans Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Battle of New Orleans - Article Example The British moved in for a predawn attack, but due to problems crossing the river were delayed until daylight. Nonetheless, the forces of one of the three sections, under the command of General Gibbs, continued with the original plan. The attack began after a signal of one rocket being fired from each of the two attacking sections. The British then began to charge into the American position but were met quickly with artillery fire that ripped through their lines. American rifle fire along with a continued slew of artillery managed to stop this advance. The British losses continued to be heavy, as every wave that attacked the American lines was fiercely repelled. Many British officers were killed during this part of the battle, including Pakenham and Gibbs. Keanes, commanding the reserve force of Highlanders, saw the devastation and soon moved to reinforce the attacking element. His wave met the same fate as the others, however, and suffered heavy losses. The attacking section that had not yet been met with defeat, however, was still well hidden amongst the fogs near the river. This section, under General Lambert, made its advance and nearly took the right side of the American line. Quickly, however, American forces fired back on this section and again brought heavy casualties while suppressing their advance successfully. However, the British did see some success on the opposite bank of the river, where they landed and were opposed by fatigued militia forces. A weak line existed overall on this side of the river and was only of much use because its naval guns near the river had contributed to the artillery fire that repelled the British  attack against Jackson’s line. After the British broke this line, the success was short-lived, as the order to withdraw came in.  

International Studies Essays World Population

International Studies Essays World Population World Population One of the most influential writers on the topic of balance of population and resources was Thomas Malthus. Malthus believed that throughout history a segment of every human population seemed doomed to poverty. He explains in his An Essay on the Principle of Population, that population growth generally preceded expansion of the populations resources, in particular the primary resource of food because population, if unchecked, increases at a geometric rate (i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.), whereas the food-supply grows at an arithmetic rate (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.). Fortunately, most of Malthuss predictions have been proven wrong by the worlds ingenuity (Wikipedia, 2008). Historical World Population When viewed against human history, population growth is a fairly recent phenomenon (see Figure 1). Prior to 1 AD, the worlds population growth was very slow with most estimates showing population in 1 AD around 300 million. From 1 AD it took about 1600 years for the worlds population to double to 600 million. By 1750, estimates show the population had grown to about 800 million people. In 1800 the estimated population grew to 1 billion people resulting in a doubling rate of approximately 200 years. Since 1750, the worlds population has grown at an unprecedented rate. In 1900 the worlds population estimate was 1.7 billion people, nearly doubling the population just 100 years earlier (Raleigh, 1999). Prior to 1750 high birth rates were tempered by relatively high death rates with occasional catastrophic death rates from war, famines, and infectious diseases. Infectious diseases such as bubonic plague and tuberculosis took a serious toll on Europes population between the 6th and 14th centuries. When the bubonic plague struck England in 1348, the countries population dropped 20 percent in just three years. During this period Englands life expectancy of over 30 years dropped to just 18 years. Population growth in Europe was also controlled through self imposed social restrictions on procreation as a response to the availability of economic resources (Raleigh, 1999). Europe finally broke the demographic stalemate in the mid 18th century when they ended the near equilibrium birth and death rates. The disappearance of some of the great killer diseases resulted in greater longevity and thus higher populations. Improved health measures, medical advances, improved sanitation, personal hygiene, and living standards throughout the 9th century brought even greater longevity. Improved longevity was countered by a desire for smaller families and the growing use of abortion and contraception (Raleigh, 1999). Although the demographic transition to what is typical in developed countries (long-living family with limited number of children) took nearly two centuries, the transition in developing countries has occurred over just the last 50 years as advanced public health and prevention technologies have been shared world-wide. Although fertility declines have occurred in developing countries they have been slower than the population gains through greater longevity, resulting in tremendous population growth over the past two centuries. By 1900 the worlds population took 65 years to double; by 1930 the doubling rate was 45 years; and by 1960, the doubling rate was 40 years. In the year 2000, there were an estimated 6 billion people on the earth, the last 50 years of which saw more population added to the earth than in the whole known history of the world to that point (Raleigh, 1999). Current World Population According to the United Nations, the worlds population growth peaked in the 1980s with small declines in growth occurring throughout the 1990s. But even with those declines, the world adds approximately 78 million people to the population every year. Until the 1970s the fertility rate was fairly constant at 5 births per woman. The fertility rate has fallen drastically since then with the current fertility rate of approximately 3 births per woman. Although all high fertility countries fertility rates are declining they still vary from 1.2 births per woman in some European countries to over 6 for some African women (United Nations, 2007). Globally, 132 million babies are born each year and 52 million people die, approximately 20 percent of which are ages 5 and younger. According to the World Health Organization, about one-third of deaths are due to infectious and parasitic diseases, one-third are due to circulatory diseases, and 12% are due to cancer (Raleigh, 1999). Projected World Growth Although fertility rates have declined over prior decades, the high fertility rates of the past have resulted in a large population that has entered the reproductive years of their lives. Because of this large population, the number of births world-wide is not expected to decline until approximately 2025 resulting in unavoidable growth throughout the next 50 years. The future fertility rate will then determine the worlds population growth (Raleigh, 1999). There are five main sources of projected world population growth. The United Nations Population Division produces the most widely used compilation of current and past estimates of population size, age structure, and birth and death rates. The United States Census Bureau produces its own baseline data, although its estimates are not completely independent from those of the UN. A third source, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) uses baseline data on population size, total fertility rates, and life expectancies from the Population Reference Bureau. The fourth source, the Population Reference Bureau bases its estimates on the work of the UN, and independent consideration of other sources including official country statistics, the Council of Europe, and the U.S. Census Bureau. The fifth source is the World Bank, whose projections are generally used for planning and managing projects. Even though each of these organizations uses slightly different methodologie s, makes different assumptions about future demographic trends, and begins with slightly different estimates of current population size their population projections fall within a relatively small band for the next 50 years (see Figure  2) (Population Reference Bureau, 2001) Figure 3 shows a summary of global population projections from three of the major sources. The middle or most likely scenarios from the UN, IIASA, and the U.S. Census Bureau are similar that they differ by about 10% in 2050 and 9% in 2100. The UN projects the least amount of growth, reaching approximately 8.9 billion in 2050. IIASA projects the most growth, reaching approximately 9.9 billion in the same year. The USCB projects a population of approximately 9.3 billion in 2050. The 2100 population projections follow a similar pattern with IIASA projecting a global population declining 10.4 billion in 2100 after peaking in 2080. The UN projects a smaller population of approximately 9.5 billion in 2100, but one that is still growing slowly (ONeill, 2001). It is obvious from looking at Figure 3 that each of these organizations uses different assumptions in their scenarios. Primary assumptions that are used in each of these organizations projections include birth rate, death rate, and demographic transition (migration) scenarios. In developing countries, the primary driver of the projections is the fertility or birth rate. Since fertility rates are currently higher in developing countries than they are in developed countries a big decline in fertility rates in developing countries can have a drastic impact on the resulting population estimate. Migration is a primary driver in scenarios with more developed countries since birth and death rates nearly cancel each other out (ONeill, 2001). Projections of global population growth differ less between the different institutions than do projections at the country level. Differences in assumptions and results at the country and region level often cancel each other when aggregated to global levels. In some cases, agreement in projections of population size masks large differences in underlying assumptions with offsetting effects, such as a scenario in a region with high fertility rate and high death rate and a competing scenario with a low fertility rate and a low death rate (ONeill, 2001). One of the major diseases that will likely impact population growth models over the next several decades is HIV/AIDS. Although the disease isnt of the same scale as some of the pre-industrial age diseases, it is having a huge impact on mortality in some regions of the world. Of the 52 million deaths that occur each year, approximately 2.1 million are from AIDS. USAIDS estimates that 33.2 million people with HIV and 2.5 million new cases every year. Since the disease impacts people in the prime of their reproductive life and has such a large impact in some regions of the world most models attempt to account for this disease (UNAIDS, 2007). Projected Demographics One of the biggest results of the population growth is simply that there will be a larger population that needs a place to live and food to eat. Another result is the continued trend toward increasing urbanization. The UN projects that nearly all of the population growth will occur in urban areas with the number of urban dwellers expecting to pass rural dwellers in 2008. In the next couple of decades the number of rural dwellers is expecting to start declining (United Nations, 2007). There will also be a higher concentration of people in less developed countries. Nearly half of the babies born into the world are born in only six countries India (22%), China (11%), Pakistan (4%), Nigeria (4%), Indonesia (4%) and Bangladesh (3%) (Chamie, 2005). By 2050, the populations of over 50 countries are expected to decline, including some well developed countries. The three largest countries projected to loose people (Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Japan) are expected to decline by a combined 67 million people (Chamie, 2005). It is projected that by 2050, every major region of the world, except Africa, will be at or below replacement fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman. Today, 65 countries, accounting for 43% of world population, have fertility rates at or below the replacement level. As a result, many countries are concerned about population decline and ageing, as well as the social, economic and cultural consequences of very low fertility (Chamie, 2005). With the exception of sub-Saharan Africa mortality rates and longevity are expected to continue to increase with global life expectancy for those born in 2050 to be about 76 years (Chamie, 2005). As people live longer the population will include more people over the age of 65. It is estimated that by 2050 the percentage of the population over will 65 will double from the present 7 percent to about 15 percent. Population ageing raises serious questions about the financial viability of pension and health care systems for the elderly (Chamie, 2005). The more developed countries will continue to be net receivers of international immigrants with an estimated 2 million immigrants per year for the next 50 years. This brain drain of the most educated people in the less developed countries will increase the challenges of developmental efforts in the less developed countries (Chamie, 2005). Conclusion As the changing world population continues to increase so will the demand for food. As less developed countries become more developed and peoples incomes increase either in their country of birth or the country they have migrated to they will demand more food and more calories forcing our worlds resources to be spread among an additional 2 to 3 billion people. As this occurs, the topic of food security will once again be at the forefront of many conversations. References Chamie, J. 2005. 21st century demographics: highs and lows. The globalist, Jul 14, 2005. [Online]. Available at http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=4629 ONeill, B.C, D. Balk, M. Brickman, and M. Ezra. 2001. A guide to global population projections. Demographic research, Vol. 4. Art. 8. [Online]. Available at http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol4/8/. Population Reference Bureau. 2001. Understanding and using population projections. [Online]. Available at http://www.prb.org/pdf/UnderStndPopProj_Eng.pdf. Raleigh, V.S. 1999. Trends in world population: how will the millennium compare with the past? Human reproduction update 1999, Vol. 5, No.5p. 500-505. [Online]. Available at http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/5/5/500.pdf. UNAIDS. 2007. Aids epidemic update: December 2007. New York. [Online]. Available at http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf United Nations. 2007. World population prospects: The 2006 revision. United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York. [Online]. Available at http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/English.pdf Wikipedia contributors. 2008. Thomas Malthus, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [Online]. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Malthusoldid=194307261.

Household Fuel Project :: essays research papers

The UNJLC mission to the greater Darfurs and assessment of UN/NGO interest and commitment to launch an ITDG project promoting manufacture of fuel-efficient stoves from locally available organic materials by IDP camp women thus, reducing firewood consumption by 40%, has been concluded. Project proposal development responsibility were delegated to the Fuel and Energy Development Groups (F&EWD) established during the mission's visit to El Fasher, Nyala and Geneina comprising a cross section of UN and NGO partners. UNJLC and ITDG Khartoum organization management, structure and process flow discussions were concluded since the last bulletin-reporting period resulting in a formalized and systems approach that demarcates service provider and NGO stakeholder responsibility levels and assists F&EWGs in development of geographic specific project proposals, which thereafter will be forwarded by the field directly to ITDG Khartoum for compilation and presentation to DFID in accordance with donor conditions. Preliminary dissemination of road-map guidelines coinciding with inter-agency meeting in El Fasher are undergoing final revision for broad electronic dissemination to all locations by 23 September. Other significant contributions include the launching of an F&EWG inter-agency 100 household surveys in Nyala comprising World Vision, as focal point covering Kalma and Otash camps. Save the Children UK will commence survey work in Manawashe, Mushing and Duma while IRC covers Kass. Surveys are based upon data standardization mission recommendations and will capture trend information (i.e. distances currently travelled by women collecting firewood compared with 3 months ago) and gender based threat data (incidence, periodicity of risk/threat factors) and solicits GBV risk/mitigation recommendations from respondents. Data capture fields of wood fuel consumption, access, collection methods, meals preparation related to fuel availability supplement the survey's format. 13 UN and NGO partners forming the consortium of F&EWG with HelpAge nominated as focal point are concurrently carrying out a similar 100 household survey in Geneina.

Modular Arithmetic

One   can   always   say, ‘ it   is   7.00   p.m.’ and   the   same   fact   can   be   also   put   as   ‘ it  is   19.00 ’. If   the   truth   underlying   these   two   statements   is   understood   well, one   has  understood   ‘ modular mathematics ‘   well. The   conventional   arithmetic   is   based   on   linear   number   system   known   as   the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ number   line’.   Modular   Arithemetic   was   introduced   by   Carl   Friedrich   Gauss   in   1801, in   his   book ‘ Disquisitiones   Arithmeticae’. (modular).   It   is   based   on   circle.   A   circle   can   be   divided   into   any   number   of   parts. Once   divided, each   part   can   be  named   as   a   number, just   like   a   clock, which   consists   of   12   divisions   and   each  division   is   numbered   progressively. Usually, the   starting   point   is   named   as ‘0’. So,the   starting   point   of   a   set   of   numbers   on   a   clock   is   ‘0’   and   not   ‘1’. Since   the  divisions  Ã‚   are 12, all   integers , positive   or   negative, which   are   multiples   of   12, will  always   be   corresponding   to   0,   on   the   clock. Hence, number   18   on   a   clock  corresponds   to   18/12 . Here   the   remainder   is   6,   so   the   answer   of   13 + 5   will   be   6 Similarly, the   same   number 18, on   a   circle   with   5   divisions   will   represent   number  3, as   3   is   the   remainder   when   18   is   divided   by   5.Some   examples   of   addition   and   multiplication   with   mod   (5): 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   +   5   = 11. Now   11/5   gives   remainder   1. Hence   the   answer   is   1. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13   +   35 = 48. Now, 48/5   gives   3   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   3. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9   +   ( -4) = 5. Now   5/5   gives   0   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   0. 4)   14   +   ( – 6 ) = 8 . Now   8/5   gives   3   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   3. Some examples of multiplication with mod ( 5 ). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   X   11 = 66. Now, 66/5   gives   1   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   1. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X 8 = 104. Now   104/5   gives   4   as   remainder . So   the   answer   is   4 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   316 X – 2 = -632. Now, 632/5   gives   2 as   remainder. For negative numbers   the   calculation   is   anticlockwise. So , for negative numbers, the  answer   will   be   numbers   of   divisions   (mod)   divided   by   the   remainder.Here the   answer   will be 3. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X –7 = – 91. Now, 91/5   gives 1 as remainder. But, the answer will be 5 – 1 = 4. So   the   answer   is   4. Works-cited page 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modular, Modular Arithmetic, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2006, Retrieved on   19-02-07 from < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic> 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire explanation is based on a web page available at , < http://www.math.csub.edu/faculty/susan/number_bracelets/mod_arith.html> Additional   information: An   automatic   calculator   of   any   type   of   operations   with   any  numbers   in   modular   arithmetic   is   available   on   website: < http://www.math.scub.edu/faculty/susan/faculty/modular/modular.html >         

East of Eden Essay

In John Steinbeck’s novel, East of Eden, the deprivation of a sound conscience is a theme that is associated with Cathy Ames, and afflicts the people around her. The author uses foreshadowing to portray the future of Cathy and her multiple victims. By doing so, the author builds onto the characterization of Cathy, revealing how truly malevolent she is. From birth, Cathy is foreshadowed to develop into something monstrous. The author claims that he â€Å"believe(s) there are monsters born in the world to human parents† (72). Even though she has not been physically presented to the reader yet, Cathy is about to be portrayed as the main evil in this novel. This prelude to Cathy’s characterization foreshadows the evil that will come with her presence. Cathy’s reign of terror begins when she burns her own house down, and â€Å"the frightened talk ran through the town that the whole Ames family had burned† (87). This action corresponds to the foreshadowing presented by the author’s description of monsters being born to human parents. By committing such an inhumane act, the reader gains the knowledge that Cathy has no conscience. Cathy’s tirade did not end there, and after giving birth to Adam, and possibly Charles’, babies and trying to leave him, â€Å"she shot at him. The heavy slug struck him in the shoulder and flattened and tore out a piece of his shoulder blade† (202). Cathy’s ability to kill the father of her children without even considering the severity of her actions shows how much of a monster Cathy truly is. The actions performed by Cathy at such an early stage in the story only foreshadows to the reader that she has not yet ended her path of destruction. Cathy’s inner evil is revealed at birth, and, at a young age, she discovers that she holds powers that can be used to manipulate others. From birth Cathy is foreshadowed to be pure evil, and she â€Å"learned when she was very young that sexuality with all its attendant yearnings and pains, jealousies and taboos, is the most disturbing impulse humans have† (75). It is disturbing that Cathy realizes her sexual capabilities at such a young age. The way Cathy’s thought process is presented, it can be seen that Cathy plans to abuse her powers, foreshadowing conflicts to arise in the future. It did not take long for Cathy to utilize her powers, and â€Å"at ten Cathy knew something of the power of the sex impulse and began coldly to experiment with it† (75). Cathy’s ‘experimentation’ with sexual power at such a young age helps further depict her as a malevolent being with no conscience. The fact that she begins abbling in sexual activities, at an age where most don’t even know what sex is, foreshadows that there can only be trouble to come from involvement with Cathy. Years pass and, as foreshadowed, Cathy becomes a major contributor to her local brothel. When speaking of her regular customers with the brothel’s owner, Faye, Cathy tells her to â€Å"look at the heel marks on their groins†¦ I’ve got the sweetest set of razors all in a case† (236). Cathy has been secretly sodomizing and extorting extra money from her regulars, showing she is not content with the amount of control she already possesses. Her actions foreshadow that Cathy’s search for power is never ending, foreshadowing she will continue her malicious acts until someone is capable of stopping her. At birth Cathy is depicted to be monstrous, which is proven true by the actions she displays while growing as a child. The realization of the many powers she possesses are developed and abused by Cathy, showing she disregards all others well being in her search for total control. Such actions can only be performed by those who have no sound conscience, and have no fear of the consequences posed by society.